ABSTRACT
The current techniques used in the disinfection of reused poultry litter, such as lime addition, windrowing and plastic cover on the surface, do not guarantee the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, causing damage to the environment and animal health. Gram negative bacteria, i.e., Salmonella and Escherichia coli, can be transmitted from one batch to another through reused litter, causing health damage to broilers and humans that consume food contaminated by these agents. Our study assessed the effectiveness of the methods plastic cover on the surface (PCS) and plastic cover on the surface with ammonia gas injection (PCSAI) in the control of Gram negative bacteria. The results obtained, both in laboratory conditions (Experiment 1) and in the field (Experiment 2), demonstrate that the method PCSAI with 0.22% ammonia gas had a significant reduction (P<0.05) of Gram negative bacteria in the period of 48 hours This new methodology for disinfecting poultry litter will allow its reuse in a practical and safe way, improving the preservation of the environment, of the health of broilers and consumers of poultry products.
O reaproveitamento de camas aviárias na criação de frangos de corte é uma prática muito utilizada no Brasil. Essa prática reduz custos de produção e contribui na conservação do meio ambiente. As técnicas atuais utilizadas na desinfecção de camas aviárias reaproveitadas, como adição de cal, enleiramento e lona na superfície, não garantem a eliminação de microrganismos patogênicos porque não geram quantidade suficiente de amônia. O gás amônia, em concentrações elevadas, tem efeito biocida. Bactérias Gram negativas, como as Salmonelas e Escherichia coli, podem ser transmitidas de um lote para outro através do reaproveitamento da cama, ocasionando prejuízos para a saúde das aves e dos humanos que consomem alimentos contaminados por estes agentes. Este trabalho avaliou a eficácia do método lona na superfície com injeção de gás amônia no controle de microrganismos Gram negativos. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que esse método controlou os microrganismos Gram negativos num período de 48 horas em camas de frangos de corte reaproveitadas. Assim, essa nova metodologia de desinfecção de camas de aviário permitirá sua reutilização de forma prática e segura, melhorando a saúde das aves e dos consumidores dos produtos avícolas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Poultry/microbiology , Chickens , Disinfection/methods , Ammonia/therapeutic use , Gram-Negative BacteriaABSTRACT
Dendrobium officinale can serve as Chinese medicinal material effective in nourishing yin, clearing heat, and producing fluid, and is used to treat throat diseases, but its active substances and mechanism are not clear. To clarify the active fraction and underlying mechanism of D. officinale against chronic pharyngitis(CP), the present study induced a CP model in rats by pepper water combined with low-concentration ammonia, and crude polysaccharides of D. officinale(DOP), non-polysaccharides of D. officinale(DON), and total extract of D. officinale(DOT)(0.33 g·kg~(-1), calculated according to the crude drug) were administered by gavage for six weeks. The changes in oral secretions and pharyngeal conditions of rats with CP were observed and rated. The hematological indicators were determined by an automatic hematology analyzer. The serum levels of pro-inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α), interleukin 1β(IL-1β), and interleukin 6(IL-6), and T-lymphocyte cytokines, including interferon γ(IFN-γ), interleukin 4(IL-4), interleukin 17(IL-17), and transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1) were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The proportions of CD3~+, CD4~+, and CD8~+cells in peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets were determined by the flow cytometry. The histomorphological changes of the pharynx were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining. The protein expression of nuclear factor-κB P65(NF-κB P65), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), F4/80, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) in the pharynx were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The results showed that DOP and DON could significantly relieve pharyngeal lesions, reduce white blood cells(WBC) and lymphocytes(LYMP), decrease the levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and inhibit the protein expression of NF-κB P65, COX-2, F4/80, and MCP-1 in the pharynx. DOP was superior in reducing oral secretions and serum IL-17 level and inferior in increasing CD4~+/CD8~+ratio to DON. It is suggested that both polysaccharides and non-polysaccharides of D. officinale have anti-PC effects and the anti-inflammatory mechanism may be related to the regulation of T lymphocyte distribution and inhibition of the inflammatory signaling pathways mediated by NF-κB P65. The anti-inflammatory effect of DOP may be related to the regulation of Th17/Treg balance, while that of DON may be related to the regulation of the Th/Tc ratio.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Ammonia/therapeutic use , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Cyclooxygenase 2 , Dendrobium/chemistry , Interleukin-17/therapeutic use , Interleukin-6 , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Pharyngitis/drug therapy , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , WaterABSTRACT
Estudou-se a eficácia e a tolerabilidade de uma associaçäo ácido salicílico/ácido bórico/alúmen amoniacal, em comparaçäo com vinagre, ambos em soluçäo para banhos de assento, como coajuvantes para acelerar a remissäo da sintomatologia de vulvovaginites causadas por Trichomonas vaginalis e/ou Candida albicans. A amostra estudada foi composta por 30 pacientes, com idades entre 24 e 41 anos, com duraçäo do quadro clínico entre 4 e 14 dias, as quais foram aleatoriamente distribuídas entre os dois grupos de tratamento, com 15 pacientes cada. Os banhos de assento, em ambos os grupos, foram feitos por 10 dias. Como tratamento de base para os microorganismos causadores das vulvovaginites, todas as pacientes, independentemente de grupo comparativo, usaram uma associaçäo nimorazol/clotrimazol/lisozima, na forma de creme vaginal, por seis noites consecutivas. A associaçäo ácido salicílico/ácido bórico/alúmen amoniacal foi superior ao vinagre, encurtando em vários dias a remissäo da sintomatologia das vulvovaginites (prurido, ardor, dor à micçäo, corrimento). A associaçäo nimorazol/clotrimazol/lisozima teve uma eficácia de 100% contra T. vaginalis e C. albicans. Nenhum destes dois tratamentos causou reaçöes adversas às pacientes